How to update and upgrade software packages on Debian systems
1. Update local package cache
sudo apt update
2. View available software packages that can be upgraded
apt list --upgradable
3. Preview upgrades
apt -s upgrade
4. upgrade
a). Upgrade all packages
sudo apt upgrade #requires confirmation
sudo apt upgrade -y #no confirmation required
b). Upgrade specified package
sudo apt --only-upgrade install package1 package2
#Take debian12 kernel upgrade as an example
apt --only-upgrade install linux-image-amd64
c). Keep selected packages when upgrading
sudo apt-mark hold package_name
When all system packages are upgraded, a given package will not be upgraded.
d). Delete c). retention settings
sudo apt-mark unhold package_name
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